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The Biggest Threats Facing Surf Breaks Worldwide

ByEcoOceanEscapes

We’re as guilty as the next surfer for taking our breaks for granted. They’re our playgrounds – firing up one day and flat the next, but always with another swell on the horizon. 

But the reality is, surf breaks are delicate coastal systems shaped by geology, tides, sand movement and the overall health of marine ecosystems. And their futures aren’t guaranteed.

 Around the world, many of the waves that define surf cultures are under increasing pressure. Some are changing slowly; others are disappearing altogether and seemingly overnight.

Even if it’s not happening in your backyard, this is something that all surfers should be concerned about. Because if it’s not happening at your local break today, it could be tomorrow.

So what is the first step toward protecting surf breaks? Understanding the threats they face. Equipped with that knowledge, we can all be better custodians and activists when issues arise, either at our local breaks or the ones we love to surf abroad.

In this article, we’ll highlight some of the biggest threats facing surf breaks and what you can do about them. It’s not just about protecting the waves we love to ride, but preserving the coastal ecosystems that are our playground.

A surfer rides a barrelling wave

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Coastal Development and Hard Infrastructure

One of the most significant threats to surf breaks is poorly planned coastal development.

Seawalls, marinas, harbours and breakwaters alter natural sand movement and wave refraction. And history has shown that even small changes to the coastline can dramatically reshape how waves break.

The construction of ports, artificial islands and hotel developments built too close to the shore – all have been found guilty of damaging beloved surf spots.

It happened at Ponta Delgada on the island of Madeira with the construction of a concrete pier and at Rio Balsas in Mexico when a steel mill went up.

Once the seabed or coastline is altered, restoring a wave is extremely difficult…often impossible.

Coastal breakwaters and sea walls can alter natural sand movement and wave refraction
Coastal breakwaters and sea walls can alter natural sand movement and wave refraction

Sand Dredging and Beach Nourishment

Dredging and artificial beach nourishment are often promoted as solutions to erosion. But they can drastically disrupt (and destroy) surf breaks.

Removing sand from offshore areas or dumping sand of the wrong grain size can change wave shape, consistency and quality.

Case in point: In 2004, 300,000 cubic metres of sand were dredged from the mouth of the Oka River. This destroyed Mundaka – one of the best barrelling waves in Spain. It has since bounced back, but the threat hasn’t gone away.

Many reef and point breaks rely on precise underwater contours. When those contours are disturbed, waves can lose their power, length or direction…sometimes overnight. 

A wooden walkway descends to a sandy beach in Australia
A wooden walkway descends to a sandy beach in Australia

Climate Change and Rising Sea Levels

Climate change is an escalating, long-term threat to surf breaks worldwide and if you’re still in denial, you’re obviously not connected to the ocean.

Rising sea levels are particularly problematic and can cause waves to break closer to shore or lose their shape entirely. 

This is of concern in Vanaimo, Papua New Guinea, where rising sea levels are resulting in severe coastal erosion. Anyone who’s been lucky enough to surf West Sepik will know this is a major blow to Melanesian surf culture. 

Changes in storm patterns can also alter swell direction and frequency, affecting the reliability of famous breaks. In 2016, severe storms resulted in massive coastal erosion at Collaroy on the east coast of Australia, altering the way the waves broke overnight. 

Ocean warming and coral bleaching further threaten reef breaks, especially in tropical regions. Dead or degraded reefs provide less structure, reducing wave quality and contributing to coastal erosion.

The health of coral reefs can influence wave quality at surf breaks
The health of coral reefs can influence wave quality at surf breaks

Pollution and Water Quality Degradation

Pollution doesn’t just affect human health – it affects surf breaks too. Sewage discharge, agricultural runoff and plastic pollution damage nearshore ecosystems that stabilise coastlines, such as seagrass beds and mangroves. It’s all interconnected.

Plastic pollution and raw sewage runoff frequently plague world-famous spots in Bali, such as Kuta, Canggu and Balangan. We’ve all seen the photos of tons of waste washing onto these beaches during the wet season. 

Poor water quality also reduces local support for surfing areas. When beaches become unsafe to surf or just downright unpleasant, they’re more vulnerable to neglect or redevelopment.

At the end of the day, who wants to surf in polluted waters with sewage and plastic bags floating around them?

A plastic bag degrades as it floats at the ocean's surface
A plastic bag degrades as it floats at the ocean’s surface

Overtourism and Surf Pressure

As surf travel becomes more accessible, many once-remote breaks are experiencing intense pressure. Increased foot traffic, boat anchoring, reef trampling and waste accumulation are all contributing to the degradation of coastal environments.

As tourism pressure increases, so does coastal infrastructure. The collapsing cliffs along Bali’s Bukit Peninsula are just one example of how developers (driven by tourism dollars) are destroying surf coastlines.

And the social impacts are important too. In many cases, local communities are excluded from decision-making when it comes to coastal developments. When this happens, support for surf protection can erode.

If locals don’t feel heard or they’re not invited to the table, where’s the incentive to protect coastlines? Why should they be putting in the hard work of grassroots initiatives when the outcomes are already out of their hands?

Mining, Quarrying and Resource Extraction

In some regions, coastal mining and quarrying directly threaten surf breaks by altering sediment supply and seabed structure. Sand mining, in particular, removes material that would naturally replenish beaches and sandbanks. And we’ve seen it the world over.

Surfers are among those protesting against potential mining expansion along the coast of South Africa, particularly around the Olifants River. This little parcel of paradise runs the risk of being destroyed by sand extraction and offshore diamond prospecting.

As many of these activities take place out of sight offshore (and not directly on the coast), it’s harder to monitor their impacts until the surf quality declines.

And of course, it’s not just about preserving surf breaks. These activities have broader impacts on coastal ecosystems, marine life and local fishing industries. 

Surfers walking on the beach at Chicama, which is protected under Peru's "Law of the Breakers"
Surfers walking on the beach at Chicama, which is protected under Peru’s “Law of the Breakers”

Lack of Legal Protection

Perhaps the most overlooked threat to surf breaks is the absence of legal recognition. In most countries, waves have no formal protection, even when they are economically, culturally and environmentally valuable.

Without legal safeguards, surf breaks are often sacrificed for short-term development gains. Only a handful of places worldwide have laws specifically designed to protect waves and surf ecosystems. 

In 2000, Peru passed the “Law of the Breakers”, which protects over 130 waves. Meanwhile, New Zealand’s Coastal Policy Statement of 2010 mandates the protection of “Surf Breaks of National Significance”.

The creation of World Surfing Reserves is another way this issue is being addressed. But it’s important to note this is not a legal protection. It’s a designation and is designed to empower local communities to implement legal protections and conservation strategies.

A black and white shot of a surfer riding a wave
A black and white shot of a surfer riding a wave

What Can Be Done?

Okay, so now we’ve covered all the doom and gloom, what can we, as surfers, actually do about this? We wish it were a quick fix or an easy solution. But the truth is, it’s not.

Protecting surf breaks requires ongoing action at multiple levels:

A sea turtle ascends for air
Protecting surf breaks is also about protecting marine life and coastal ecosystems

Looking at the Bigger Picture

Surf breaks are shaped over thousands of years and we know that they can improve or degrade over time due to natural forces.

But what we find really concerning is how they can be damaged overnight with a single construction project or destroyed rapidly by a lack of environmental protection. 

And we’re not trying to be single-minded here. Protecting waves is not important just so surfers can live out their wildest dreams. It’s about safeguarding coastlines, cultures and ecosystems for the long term. 

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